Zoetis (ZTS) Q4 2023 Earnings Call Transcript

Zoetis (ZTS -6.71%)
Q4 2023 Earnings Call
Feb 13, 2024, 8:30 a.m. ET

Contents:

• Prepared Remarks
• Questions and Answers
• Call Participants

Prepared Remarks:

Operator

Welcome to the fourth-quarter and full-year 2023 financial results conference call and webcast for Zoetis. Hosting the call today is Steve Frank, vice president of investor relations for Zoetis. The presentation materials and additional financial tables are currently posted on the Investor Relations section of zoetis.com. The presentation slides can be managed by you, the viewer, and will not be forwarded automatically.

In addition, a replay of this call will be available approximately two hours after the conclusion of this call via dial-in or on the Investor Relations section of zoetis.com. [Operator instructions] It is now my pleasure to turn the floor over to Steve Frank. Steve, you may begin.

Steve Frank — Vice President, Investor Relations

Thank you, operator. Good morning, everyone, and welcome to the Zoetis fourth-quarter and full-year 2023 earnings call. I am joined today by Kristin Peck, our chief executive officer; and Wetteny Joseph, our chief financial officer. Before we begin, I’ll remind you that the slides presented on this call are available on the Investor Relations section of our website and that our remarks today will include forward-looking statements, and that actual results could differ materially from those projections.

For a list and description of certain factors that could cause results to differ, I refer you to the forward-looking statements in today’s press release and our SEC filings, including, but not limited to, our annual report on Form 10-K and our reports on Form 10-Q. Our remarks today will also include references to certain financial measures, which were not prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles or U.S. GAAP. A reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable U.S.

GAAP measures is included in the financial tables that accompany our earnings press release and the company’s 8-K filing dated today, Tuesday, February 13th, 2024. We also cite operational results, which exclude the impact of foreign exchange. With that, I will turn the call over to Kristin.

Kristin Peck — Chief Executive Officer

Thank you, Steve, and welcome, everyone, to our fourth-quarter and full-year 2023 earnings call. Today, we reported strong full-year results, driven by the success of our diverse portfolio across markets and species, game-changing innovation, and the outstanding commitment of our purpose-driven colleagues. We delivered 7% operational revenue growth, growing faster than the industry, propelled by steady demand for our innovative products that enable our customers and the animals they care for to thrive. With the ongoing momentum of our monoclonal antibodies for osteoarthritis or OA pain, we saw segment growth of 6% in the U.S.

and 9% operational growth internationally. Our companion animal portfolio remains a key growth driver, up 8% operationally, and we saw a return to growth for our livestock portfolio, up 6% operationally. While we continue to operate in an environment of global uncertainty, our diversity across markets, species and therapeutic areas has sustained our performance further demonstrating that animal health is a durable, essential, and growing industry. Our track record of innovation from pioneering breakthroughs to product life cycle enhancements has solidified our position as the industry leader consistently growing above the market and enabled us to create market-leading franchises.

We don’t just follow trends, we make markets. The launch of Librela and Solensia, the first two injectable monoclonal antibodies for the alleviation of osteoarthritis is fundamentally improving the quality of life for dogs and cats and strengthening the human-animal bond. That’s why today, Librela remains the No. 1 selling OA pain product in Europe.

At Investor Day last May and again at the JPMorgan Healthcare Conference, I shared that our own pain franchise could have peak sales exceeding $1 billion. And we are excited about Librela’s performance since its U.S. launch in October, which reaffirms that view. Due to high clinic penetration, we’ve activated our direct-to-consumer or DTC efforts faster than any other product in our history, which we expect to provide a tailwind for commercial growth.

Similarly, Solensia has also been well received with strong clinic penetration around the world with increased opportunity as we generate more awareness of OA pain maps. Within our dermatology franchise, we’ve established ourselves as the trusted partner to veterinarians. And after nearly a decade of impressive growth, we still believe we have room to expand this market. increasing pet owners’ awareness that itch is a medical condition that requires treatment, improve compliance and the opportunity to address even more unmet needs underpins our optimism.

We remain confident that we can sustain growth, thanks to our differentiated products like Cytopoint and Apoquel chewable, the first and only chewable treatment for the control of allergic itch and inflammation in dogs. Our parasiticide portfolio and particularly Simparica Trio remains a key growth driver, even in the face of increasing competition. This continued success highlights our strategic execution, label strength, and the efficacy of our products. The performance across our key product franchises not only reinforces our market-leading position but also better innovation consistently meet the evolving demands in veterinary medicine.

As we begin in 2024, we will stay disciplined and adaptable to the evolving macroeconomic and geopolitical backdrop around the world and focus on executing our plans and continuing to grow faster than the market. Two durable global trends give us confidence in that future growth, the powerful human-animal bond, and the world’s growing need for a sustainable supply of animal protein. Our commitment to operational excellence ensures we are ready to scale to meet those demands and navigate unforeseen challenges while delivering shareholder value. Looking ahead, we are committed to our track record of value creation and above-market performance.

Our dedication to innovation remains the cornerstone of our market-leading position. We’ve consistently demonstrated agility outpacing the market to bring groundbreaking solutions that meet and exceed customer expectations. We will continue to leverage that advantage, and we’re guiding to a range of 7% to 9% operational revenue growth in 2024 and adjusted net income growth in the range of 9% to 11% operationally which reflects our ongoing investments in R&D, supply chain and commercial excellence to cultivate new markets, drive growth and create value. As you’ve heard me say time and time again, we are confident in our strategy, portfolio, pipeline, and capabilities to deliver value to shareholders and customers while performing above the market.

Our focus positions us well to navigate potential challenges and capitalize on emerging opportunities. In closing, we will continue our relentless pursuit to exceed customer expectations and invest in advancing the capabilities that differentiate Zoetis. As you look to 2024, I could not be more excited about our future. Our key growth drivers will continue to showcase our commitment to nurturing the world in humankind by advancing care for animal and our ongoing innovations will expand the market, reaffirm our best-in-class product portfolio, and defend our position amid competition.

I want to reiterate the four tenets of our value proposition discussed on Investor Day. We will grow revenue faster than the market. We will invest in innovation and growth capabilities. We commit to growing adjusted net income faster than revenue, and you will return excess capital to shareholders.

While there is need and demand to improve the quality life for animals, Zoetis will continue leading the way and setting the standard for performance and growth. This is core to our vision to be the most trusted and valued animal health company, shaping the future of animal care through innovation, customer obsession, and purpose-driven colleagues. Thank you. Now let me hand it over to Wetteny.

Wetteny?

Wetteny Joseph — Chief Financial Officer

Thank you, Kristin, and good morning, everyone. As Kristen mentioned, we had a strong year in 2023 with revenue of $8.5 billion and adjusted net income of $2.5 billion. Our full-year revenue was near the top end of our guidance range while our adjusted net income was slightly below our guidance range, primarily due to the impact of foreign exchange as well as an impairment charge related to a prior acquisition. Our revenue growth was broad with strong growth across both our U.S.

and international segments, with our companion animal and lifestyle portfolios and due to both price and volume. Full-year revenue grew 6% on a reported basis and 7% operationally with adjusted net income increasing 7% on both a reported and operational basis. Of the 7% operational revenue growth, 5% is from price and 2% is from volume. Volume growth was driven primarily by new products, including our monoclonal bodies for OA pain, Librela, and Solensia as well as our key dermatology products and Simparica Trio.

On a segment basis, our U.S. business posted $4.6 billion in revenue, growing 6% on the year, while our International segment reported revenue of $3.9 billion with operational growth of 9% on the full year. Additionally, while China represents less than 5% of our global revenues, the ongoing economic weakness there continues to impact our business and represented a 0.5 percentage point drag on our total company operational revenue growth for the year, entirely in volume. Our full year growth was driven by continued demand for our innovative companion animal portfolio, which grew 8% operationally.

Our lifestyle portfolio also had a strong year with operational growth of 6%. Performance in companion animals was led by OA pain maps, which posted $321 million in global revenue for the year. Growth came from first wave European markets as well as from the impact of new launch markets in 2023, including the U.S. We continue to see penetration of our pain maps grow within vet clinics and a high level of satisfaction among both vets and pet owners.

Our key dermatology products generated $1.4 billion in sales globally, posting strong growth of 8% for the year on an operational basis. Simparica Trio contributed global revenue of $813 million in 2023, representing growth of 9% operationally despite distributor inventory headwinds in Q1 and aggressive competitive promotions for much of the year. Our companion animal diagnostics portfolio recorded $356 million in revenue and grew 10% operationally, with growth contributions from both the U.S. and international.

Our lifestyle portfolio had a strong year, with 6% operational revenue growth driven by both price and volume. Moving on to our Q4 financial results, which was another strong quarter. We closed Q4 with revenue of $2.2 billion, representing an increase of 8% on both the reported and operational basis, posting our third consecutive quarter of at least 8% operational revenue growth despite a tough comparative, particularly in U.S. companion animals.

Adjusted net income of $569 million is an increase of 6% on both the reported and an operational basis. Of the 8% operational revenue growth, 6% is from price and 2% is from volume. Volume growth assisted of 4% growth from new products and a 2% decline in our in-line products. Volume from our key dermatology products was flat in the quarter.

On a segment basis, our U.S. business posted $1.2 billion in revenue, growing 9% on the quarter, while international segment reported revenue of $982 million with operational growth of 8% on the quarter. Our companion animal portfolio was the main driver of revenue growth in the quarter, growing 10% operationally. Livestock also contributed with operational growth of 6%.

We saw double-digit companion animal growth in both our U.S. and our international segment, driven by our innovative products. Our OA pain maps were the primary driver of growth posting $124 million in combined revenue in the quarter. Global growth came primarily from the impact of new launch markets, bolstered by the Q4 launch of Librela in the U.S.

Simparica Trio generated $208 million globally in the quarter, representing growth of 21% operationally. Price was the primary driver of growth in the quarter, followed by volume growth driven by expanded DTC advertising support globally as well as some increased field force focus. Our key dermatology products generated $375 million in sales globally, posting growth of 7% on an operational basis. Our companion animal diagnostics portfolio reported revenue of $87 million and grew 8% operationally, with growth contributions from both the U.S.

and international. Our lifestyle products ended the year on a strong note with growth of 6% operationally, growing in both our U.S. and International segments. Growth was driven equally by price, which grew despite headwinds from Draxxin and price decreases as well as by volume with growth in Synovex from our expanded label claims.

Now moving on to revenue growth by segment for the quarter. U.S. revenue was $1.2 billion in the quarter, growing 9% with companion animal sales growing 10% and livestock sales growing 4%. Companion animal again posted double-digit growth in the quarter, bolstered by a full launch of Librela at the start of the quarter, while facing a tough comparative quarter with promotional activity and heavier-than-normal pre price buy-in at the end of last year.

In the U.S., vet clinic visits were flat on the quarter and flat for the year. While we continue to see solid clinic revenue and revenue per visit growth of 6% for the quarter and 7.5% for the year. Our U.S. companion animal revenue growth continues to outpace its veterinary clinic revenue growth due in part to our innovative therapeutics as well as our strong presence in the retail channel.

Moving on to product performance. Growth in the U.S. was driven by our pay maps, Simparica Trio, and our key dermatology portfolio. Our combined pain maps posted $58 million in U.S.

sales in Q4. We moved to a full launch of Librela in the U.S. early in the fourth quarter, and we have been pleased with the results our field force has been able to drive thus far. Librela posted $44 million in U.S.

sales in the quarter which is at the higher end of our initial expectations. It’s important to note that while we are not leveraging distribution for our pain maps, there’s significant clinic stocking impact in the first few months after launch. We have seen higher-than-expected penetration and reorder rates through the end of the year as well as rapid patient share growth in the canine pain category. Solensia had sales of $14 million in Q4 in the U.S.

We have seen a marked increase in feline vet visits and feline revenue growth in the clinic. In the U.S., feline OA patients are up 23% for 2023. Simparica Trio posted U.S. sales of $185 million in the quarter, growing 17%.

Growth was driven primarily by price as we ran promotions in Q4 of 2022 following our Q3 2022 supply challenges and in advance of a than expected competitor launch in early 2023. In our second quarter with competition in the trip combination space, we continue to see patient share growth in Simparica Trio. We remain confident in our ability to compete and grow in this space through the strength of our label, retail channel presence, strong corporate and specialty relationships, and a significant advantage of being first to market. Key dermatology products sales in the U.S.

were $252 million in the quarter, growing 6%. Cytopoint sales continue to drive growth through both price and volume with vets and pet owners referring this injectable method of administration. Simparica franchise growth is driven by better net price realization on lower volume due to promotional activity at the end of last year. Our U.S.

companion animal diagnostics portfolio posted growth of 9% in the quarter. U.S. livestock grew 4% in the quarter, primarily driven by growth in poultry as a result of favorable rotation back to certain medicated feed additives and the extended use of Zoamix as well as share gains due to competitor supply constraints. Sales of both swine and cattle products increased in the quarter, primarily as a result of increased supply of vaccines that were limited in the same quarter of the prior year.

Moving on to our International segment, where revenue in the quarter grew 9% on a reported basis and 8% excluding the impact of foreign exchange. International companion animal grew 10% operationally and lifestyle grew 7% operational. China represented a 3% drag on our International segment operational revenue growth in the quarter. Higher sales in companion animal products was led by our pain maps, our key dermatology products, and our small animal parasiticides portfolio.

Growth in our OA pain products was equally driven by full focus and DTC awareness campaign in early launch European markets as well as continued uptake in markets launched earlier this year. Librela sales were $53 million international with 93% operational growth in the quarter. Solensia sales were $13 million internationally in the quarter, growing 77% operationally. Our international key dermatology portfolio contributed $123 million of revenue, posting growth of 10% in the quarter on an operational basis.

We continue to see benefits to Apoquel from our DTC awareness campaigns across several international markets, and conversion to Apoquel chewable has been positive. Growth Cytopoint continues to benefit from higher rates of conversion from Apoquel and overall market growth. Our international small animal parasiticides portfolio grew 4% operationally, driven by our Simparica franchise with Simparica posting $48 million in revenue and growing 32% on an operational basis in the quarter, driven primarily by price, a strong price season and demand generation in emerging markets. Simparica Trio contributed $23 million internationally, growing 72% operationally driven by high peak season sales in Australia and continued uptake in Europe driven by key account penetration and field force effectiveness.

This growth was partially offset by a 33% operational decline in our revolution franchise which generates a high proportion of sales in China, where we had a tough comparative quarter due to the return of supply in Q4 of 2022 as well as the ongoing impact of the current economic conditions. Continuing onto international livestock, which grew 7% operationally driven primarily by price increases in all species, especially in high inflationary markets. Our poultry portfolio also benefited from favorable MFA rotations in certain markets. China had an unfavorable impact on our international livestock sales in the quarter, particularly in our swine portfolio.

Now moving on to the rest of the P&L for the quarter. Adjusted gross margin of 67.1% decreased 100 basis points on a reported basis compared to the prior year. On an operational basis, adjusted gross margins decreased by 20 basis points, resulting primarily from higher manufacturing costs, which were partially offset by price increases and lower freight costs. Adjusted operating expenses increased 11% operationally, driven primarily by higher SG&A expenses, which was 10% operationally primarily due to higher competition-related expenses as well as a charitable contribution related to the funding of the Zoetis Foundation.

R&D expenses grew 17% on an operational basis, driven by higher compensation-related expenses as well as portfolio progression of key pipeline projects. Finally, Other income and deductions were higher in the quarter due to an impairment charge related to an acquisition. The adjusted effective tax rate for the quarter was 18.8%, a decrease of 200 basis points, primarily due to higher net dispute tax benefits in the quarter, a higher benefit in the U.S. related to foreign-derived intangible income, and a more favorable jurisdictional mix of earnings.

Adjusted net income grew 6% operationally and adjusted diluted EPS grew 7% operationally for the quarter. Capital expenditures in the fourth quarter were $198 million. For the full year, we had capital expenditures of $732 million. Lastly, we continue to return excess capital to shareholders.

For the year, we have returned approximately $1.8 billion to shareholders through a combination of share repurchases and dividends. In December, we announced a 15% annual dividend increase. continuing our commitment to grow our dividend at or faster than the growth in adjusted net income. Now moving on to our guidance for the full year 2024.

Please note that guidance reflects foreign exchange rates as of late January. We are expecting foreign exchange to have an incredible impact on our growth versus the prior year. At net revenue, we expect foreign exchange to negatively impact our growth by 90 basis points, with the impact being more pronounced early in the year and decreasing later in the year. On adjusted net income, we expect FX to negatively impact our growth by 150 basis points.

with significant unfavorable impact in the first half of the year, transitioning to slight favorability in the second half of the year. As a reminder, we do not actively forecast FX. So these estimates assume rates remain where they were as of late January. For 2024, we are projecting revenue between $9.075 billion and $9.225 billion, representing a range of 7% to 9% operational growth with growth across both price and volume.

We expect companion animal to be the primary growth driver in 2024. With the expected impact of the U.S. launch of Librela, we expect to see robust growth from our pain maps both in the U.S. and internationally.

Our current clinic penetration levels for Librela in the U.S. are exceeding our expectations. And as Kristin mentioned, we have launched our DTC efforts ahead of schedule to drive increased pet owner awareness. Even with the expectation of competitive entrants, we anticipate mid- to high single-digit growth in both Simparica Trio and our key dermatology portfolio.

For livestock, 2023 exceeded our expectations. Our growth in the year benefited from several tailwinds, including improvements in supply in certain markets as well as competitive out of stocks. While our outlook for the upcoming year is more optimistic than it was as we enter 2023, we do expect our growth rate to normalize and be in line with lifestyle industry growth. I’d like to briefly touch upon the key assumptions that underpin our expectations for revenue growth.

For companion animal, we are not projecting significant change to the current vet clinic trends. We expect U.S. visits to grow flat to 1% and expect to see growth in therapeutic visits aided by the impact of our pain products. For an animal parasiticides, we continue to expect meaningful growth from Simparica Trio.

We expect new entrants will help continue to drive the conversion from topicals and collars to triple combination animal parasiticides, a space where we are the market leader. In other key dermatology products, we are prepared for competition and confident in our ability to defend and grow our share through our three differentiated dermatology products, the strength of our customer relationships, and the expertise we have gained from almost 10 years in the space. Lastly, while we are not assuming a change in the current economic situation in China, we do expect a headwind to growth, especially in the first half as the situation worsened over the course of 2023. Now moving on to the rest of the P&L.

Adjusted cost of sales as a percentage of revenue is expected to be approximately 29.5%. We continue to make investments to ensure we can support expected future growth in our portfolio, especially in monoclonal antibodies. These investments are driving short-term margin impacts from lower state utilization. This is offset by price increases and favorable product mix.

Adjusted SG&A expenses for the year are expected to be between $2.17 billion and $2.22 billion, with the increase in 2023, focused on supporting primary drivers of revenue growth. Adjusted R&D expenses for 2024 is expected to be between $665 million and $675 million. Spend is driven by the advancement of key pipeline projects as well as higher competition-related expenses. Adjusted interest expense and other income and deductions is expected to be approximately $210 million.

This is significantly higher than the prior year as our growth here is negatively impacted by the nonrecurring royalty settlement income we reflected in Q1 of 2023 as well as the impact of lower interest income. Our adjusted effective tax rate for 2024 is expected to be in the range of 20% to 21%. Adjusted net income is expected to be in the range of $2.65 billion to $2.70 billion, representing operational growth of 9% to 11%. Our guidance once again reflects our value proposition of growing revenue in line with or faster than the market.

and growing adjusted net income faster than revenue. We expect adjusted diluted EPS to be in the range of $5.74 to $5.84 and reported diluted EPS to be in the range of $5.34 to $5.44. And finally, we are anticipating capital expenditures in 2024 to be in the range of $800 million to $850 million. These levels remain elevated compared to historical spend levels as we continue to make investments to support our future growth.

To summarize, 2023 was another strong year. even with distributor inventory headwinds entering the year and a challenging economic environment, especially in China. We again outperformed the market. We continue to grow share even in spaces where we face new competition, and we remain confident in our ability to expand existing markets and create new ones in the future.

As we move into 2024, our guidance highlights our ability to again grow faster than the market, driven by our innovative product portfolio and multiple sources of growth as well as our ability to grow our bottom line faster than our pipeline while making meaningful investments for the future and returning significant excess capital to our shareholders. Now I’ll hand things over to the operator to open the line for your questions. Operator?

Questions & Answers:

Operator

Thank you [Operator instructions] We will take our first question from Erin Wright with Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead.

Erin Wright — Morgan Stanley — Analyst

Great. Thanks for taking my questions. So can you talk a little bit about the reorder rates and feedback and expectations around Librela for 2024 in the U.S. and some of those stocking dynamics that we should think about quarter to quarter.

And then a bigger picture question just on margins and profitability, and there are some moving factors in 2024, such as FX and the ramp-up of Librela that weigh on margins. But can you talk a little bit more about the potential margin leverage that you could see across your business as you expand in some of those faster-growing and higher-margin categories in 2025 and beyond? And if you could describe a little bit more about that longer-term margin leverage. Thanks.

Kristin Peck — Chief Executive Officer

Thank you, Erin. I will take the first question on Librela and let Wetteny take that second question. Yeah. We were very pleased with how we did with Librela in this first full quarter of launch in Q4.

As you saw, we did about $44 million in the quarter $47 million for the year, including the early experience trial. And really how we achieved that was our penetration was ahead of schedule as we mentioned in the prepared remarks, we — given that penetration, which is in the high 60s, we actually began DTC ahead of what we were expecting. Reorder rates are coming in exactly where we expected in line with our expectations. So that makes us really confident as we go into the year.

we’re looking at what — your other question was what kind of stocking or inventory build we saw in the clicks. It’s hard to give you a firm number. It’s somewhere between a quarter and a third I would say, overall in stocking. But look, this is the No.

1 selling pain product in Europe, and we have no doubt it will be that in the U.S. as well. So we’re quite pleased and certainly ahead of our plan on penetration. And look with our direct-to-consumer advertising investments we’ve already started late last year and into Q1 to drive growth in this product in the U.S.

So I’ll let Wetteny take the second question?

Wetteny Joseph — Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, sure. Look, when looking at margins, yes, indeed, there are some moving factors when you think about 2024 and then beyond, we do have Librela in 2023, as we’ve said at Investor Day, if you look at our monoclonal antibodies at peak, particularly as we ramp up production in our capacity, which was built to make sure that we’re confident in being able to take advantage of demand. They started being dilutive to the overall company average, for example, in 2023. As we go through 2024, Librela becomes accretive to our overall margins, but still below whether you would consider our innovative companion animal products.

And as we exit ’24 into 2025 and beyond, it becomes more in line with our innovative companion animal products. So overall, beyond ’24, I won’t give you specific guidance here in terms of what to expect. But I think if you look at it, we continue to expect companion animal to outpace the growth of livestock. So that mix will continue to be favorable for us.

And as we get into the higher levels of production from monoclonal antibodies, they are also accretive to overall margins. And we’re positioned to be able to leverage our SG&A base as well. So all of those should translate to margin expansion through the P&L over time. But as we’ve demonstrated, we’re not afraid to make the right investments behind our products, behind our key franchises as we see them investments in R&D, as you saw in 2023.

And as the guide implies, R&D will continue to grow faster than revenue as well. So those investments will slightly offset some of those, but we’re positioned to continue to expand.

Operator

Thank you. We’ll take our next question from Michael Ryskin with Bank of America. Please go ahead.

Mike Ryskin — Bank of America Merrill Lynch — Analyst

Great. Thanks for taking the question, guys. First, I want to touch on margins maybe both for 2023 and 2024. So it looks like you’re guiding back in the analogue math you’re guiding to about 100 bps of margin expansion in 2024.

But you also did finish ’23 lower than we would have expected. I think 4Q especially came in significantly lower. And you called out some headwinds during the call in terms of FX. You call out some timing, some contribution to the Zoetis Charitable Foundation.

Any way you could kind of back that out, give us sort of a cleaner number for what margins should have been in ’23? And then maybe what some of those onetime headwinds would have as an impact to 2024. Just to give us a better sense of underlying margins and underlying EPS. And then my second question is just following up on Librela. I don’t believe you actually quantified the target.

So I want to — just given what you did in 4Q, a major focus point. is something like $200 million to $250 million for Librela for 2024 reasonable. And especially that’s for U.S., but then on the OUS side, we’ve heard some concerns maybe coming out of the Europe and it seems like Librela has sort of been a little bit flat over the last couple of quarters in international markets. So any color on what’s going on internationally? Thanks.

Wetteny Joseph — Chief Financial Officer

Yes, sure, Mike. Let me take this and then see what Kristin wants to add. So take a look at margins. Indeed, in 2024, we are guiding to about 100 basis points of expansion in margins.

Keep in mind, when you look at 2023 and how we ended, Q4 had about 100 basis points of margin impact and about 80 of that is from FX. So you’re talking about roughly 20 basis points when you consider manufacturing costs and a little bit of mix. Now looking at mix, we had clearly really strong and quite frankly, a strong year in livestock. And we’re actually here at the national sales meeting for our livestock with our lifestyle team in Utah, and look, they’ve had a great year, and we expect lifestyle continue to grow as we go into 2024, but clearly ended stronger at the end.

So that created a little bit of a mix. Yes, and as well as Librela outperforming our expectations exiting the year is also, as I said, a bit dilutive. So when you look at mix and manufacturing costs, you’re still talking about 20 basis points of headwind exiting ’23. Most of the impact here is coming from FX about 80 basis points.

The other items that we referenced in our prepared commentary with respect to impact on the quarter and how we ended FX is that has the impact on our on our finish here. If you take a look at FX, which is clearly nonoperational and you factor nonrecurring items like the impairment charge for the prior acquisition. Those two items are about $0.07 of headwind in the quarter in 2023 in the fourth quarter. So that’s really the vast majority of what you saw impacting us here.

Of course, we don’t forecast FX. So what we bake into our guidance for 2024 is essentially what would happen if we assume FX rates stay where they are. at the end of January here. And with that, on a constant basis, we would expect to expand margins in 2024.

And so that’s really consistent with how we’ve approached our forecasting in the past, and I will sit here and guess what FX is going to do throughout the year 2024, and that will have an impact either favorable or unfavorable, depending on how that goes. For the other part of your question, I just want to maybe talk a little bit about Librela, how we expect Librela. Clearly, when you think about how we will deliver on 7% to 9% operational growth in revenue. Price is a pretty significant factor.

We continue to expect to be running price above our historic levels of 2 to 3 points. And perhaps slightly below what you saw in 2023 at 5%. And the Librela with the U.S. launch, clearly is going to be a significant factor.

Certainly, $44 million in the quarter and Q4 was, again, very pleased to see that. We do see about a quarter to a third of that being initial stocking. So you can model that out in terms of what that would translate to. We’re still in the early stages of our launch, but we’re very pleased with what we’re seeing so far as we discussed already.

In international, we couldn’t be more pleased with what we’re seeing. If you look at international, the fourth quarter you still have about 47% growth if you look at the base markets where we were launched at the beginning of the year. And then the new markets are driving another bit of growth. You have another $12 million contribution from those new markets in addition to the U.S.

$44 million. So I think what we have to really take into account here is as we’ve been launching in markets. In Europe, there’s some stocking that happens from quarter to quarter as we do those launches. If you factor those out, you just focus on those markets that we’ve already launched.

We’re talking about 47% growth in the quarter, which has been consistent over the last few quarters about give or take. So we’re going to be more pleased with what we’re seeing in the international markets.

Mike Ryskin — Bank of America Merrill Lynch — Analyst

Great.

Operator

We’ll move next to Jon Block with Stifel. Please go ahead.

Jon Block — Stifel Financial Corp. — Analyst

OK. Thanks guys. Good morning. Wendy, any revenue cadence in the year to call out? You’ve got sort of the easier 1Q ’23 comp, but you were also noting more acute China headwinds in the first half.

So just — how do we think about it? Do we sort of look at it on a two-year stack basis? And in the guidance for the full year, maybe GM, we’re a little bit below what we were thinking. But SG&A expense despite the investments, Kristin, that you called out, the accelerated DTC, the SG&A was a little bit lower than where our heads were at. So maybe you can just talk through those items why we’re only seeing seems like low to mid-single-digit SG&A growth year over year. I don’t know if some of that’s blunted by FX? And then just finally, I’m sorry, Librela, due to the stocking, do you still expect Librela to be up in the U.S.

4Q ’23 to 1Q ’24 as it absorbs the stocking? Thanks guys.

Wetteny Joseph — Chief Financial Officer

Look, I’ll take the cadence point first and then see what Kristin wants to add in terms of Librela expectations. Look, look, sitting here, I would expect a roughly balanced cadence across the year. Now let’s take a look at Q1, which is a specific point you raised in your question, John. If you look in Q1, certainly if you look at companion animal in the U.S., this is an easier comp.

We had destocking in the first quarter last year. clearly something we look to see as an easier comp we come up against. But at the same time, you had a 12% growth quarter in livestock in Q1. And so I think if you look to balance complete the balance, but it’s lifestyle growth both in the U.S.

as well as international. And then you have China, which clearly started to more deteriorate in terms of the economic conditions there throughout the year. So that becomes a heavier I would say, headwind coming into Q1 as well as the conditions — weather conditions in Australia, etc., are having an impact there. So I think if you balance those out and last point I’ll make is, Librela, we are clearly very pleased with how we exit Q4 and enter into but it’s going to continue to contribute more and more as you go through the year.

So Q2 and Q3 would be more than Q1. Therefore, the contribution from Novella accelerates through the year and it doesn’t have as much relative to speaking in Q1. So when you take all those into consideration, I actually see a roughly balanced year. Now we did make references to FX.

So from a reported basis, that, again, taking a look at where the FX rates were a couple of weeks ago, you do have a heavier impact in terms of both revenue and bottom line. When FX de facto, hopefully, what we provide in prepared commentary is helpful there. So that’s the other piece you have to think about. But when I think about operational base growth, I mean, we did exit the year with the momentum as we exited Q4 and Q1, again, looking at U.S.

companion animal, but that’s how I think about it. Now is Q1 is going to be higher than Q4 from a Librela perspective, I think if you factor about a quarter to a third of impact coming from stock in that $12 million to $15 million. So even if you had a flat that means you grow by $12 million to $15 million going into Q1. I won’t call it exactly here.

Right now, what I would say is we’re pleased with how the product is performing, but we are still in the early stages of this launch.

Operator

Thank you. We’ll take our next question from David Westenberg with Piper Sandler. Please go ahead.

Dave Westenberg — Piper Sandler — Analyst

Hi. Thank you for taking the question. So last year, we saw some discounting in front of the next gaurd combo launch. Do you anticipate there might be similar competitive dynamics in front of Elanco’s Quattro launch? And how are you thinking about that in consideration with the gross margins? And then just a second one on just the DTC efforts on Librela.

I don’t think there is DC allowed in Europe. But can you talk about maybe some of the learnings that you learned in Europe in terms of marketing and how they might apply specifically around communication of the vet obviously is the one that understands the superior safety profile with monoclonal antibodies and maybe how that messaging can come out? Thank you.

Kristin Peck — Chief Executive Officer

Sure. I’ll start with that one and Wetteny can certainly build on it. I mean I want to first underscore, we had a very strong Q4 with Trio with 21% growth in the quarter with competition. For the year, overall Trio grew 9%.

So we’re very pleased with that as we guided and Wetteny mentioned earlier, we’re expecting mid- to high single-digit growth in Trio for the year. So this obviously underscores everything and we think we’ll see that both in price and in volume. So we do anticipate, obviously, a competitor entering I’m not exactly sure what — how Elanco’s Quattro will do it. Our expectation is that is not a differentiated product.

They do mention taper, but you get tapeworm from fleas then we actually control fleas. So, therefore, that’s really not a differentiated product. So we abused to having good competitors, obviously, with NexGard. I’m sure there’ll be some heavy promotional.

But I think our strength, honestly, with our corporate accounts, the experience switching is low for people with this product. It’s very unlikely someone entree is going to switch. We’re doing quite well with retail and auto ship, which I think also protects us. And we expect a new competitor to expand the market.

What we’re seeing a lot is a movement into the triple combos out of topicals, collars, etc. So as we look at that, we’re confident in our Trio number as we look into the year. And with regards to your question on what have we learned from Librela in Europe, so we cannot do branded advertising for Librela in Europe, but we can do overall advertising for disease awareness and encouraging people who have pets both dogs and cats with osteoarthritis pain to bring them to the vet. And we are seeing real impact of that disease awareness.

I think it’s been a long time where pet owners have not had a product that they could turn to encouraging them that there is a new product and then they should go to the vet and be seen. We are seeing really positive uplift from direct-to-consumer advertising even when it’s not branded. So I don’t know what you want to add into that?

Wetteny Joseph — Chief Financial Officer

Look, I think you covered it, Kristin. Trio been performing really well for us in the face of drug competition in the U.S. going to be more pleased. And to be gaining patient share in the face of competition.

I think that speaks a lot to what we’ve been talking about, which is the power of our relationships, the strength of our label and being first to market. So look, there’ll be some initial heavy promotion that happens when a new competitor comes in with factor some of that into our thinking here. But until we see the label and see what they do, we won’t hold in on specific reaction and so on, but we’re very confident in our ability to grow continued growth franchise, and we’re saying we’re going to see mid- to single-digit growth across Trio in 2024 as well.

Operator

We’ll take our next question from Nathan Rich with Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead.

Nate Rich — Goldman Sachs — Analyst

Great. Good morning and thanks for the questions. I wanted to ask on the derm franchise. I think you had talked about mid- to high single-digit growth for the franchise overall.

I guess, specifically, are you assuming a headwind within that guidance from the competitive entry that’s likely to occur against Apoquel this year? And can you talk about the strategies you’re maybe putting in place to defend market share for that product? And then a quick follow-up on China. Could you maybe frame the type of headwind that you expect in China in 2024? And does that impact more on the companion or livestock side of the market? Thank you.

Kristin Peck — Chief Executive Officer

Sure. I’ll take the derm question, and I think Wetteny can follow up on your China question. Look, we saw strong growth both in the quarter and overall in derm at 8%. And I just want to underscore that, that growth is obviously understated given the price — if you’re looking at the pre priced buy-in that we saw in late 2022.

As we look at our guidance for mid- to high single-digit growth for our derm franchise in 2024, that is the expectation that we will see a competitor launch. We expect this market to continue to expand and grow as we’ve talked about. There are 85 million dogs in the U.S. You have pruritus.

There is still over 6 million untreated dogs and 3.5 million who are treated but with steroids and sort of over-the-counter products. So we strongly believe this is a market we can continue to expand. Look, we’ve had two products been on the market, seven and 10 years, respectively. We’ve had millions of dogs on these products.

Our products have been proven over time to be safe and efficacious and they’re trusted by pet owners. They’re trusted by vest. And we’re seeing more and more a switch to Cytopoint, build a preference for compliance by both the pet owner and the vet and our competition, we’re expecting to come in a film-coated tablet. And if you look at that, we’re really focused on investing in Apoquel chewable and moving them to chewable pet owners really prefer.

We’ve been successful in doing this in Europe. We’re quite focused on doing this in the U.S. And we’re also continuing to look at innovation in the short term on the long-acting. So we are going to defend this franchise.

We’re confident in this franchise, our guidance of mid- to high single digits demonstrates that we believe we can continue to grow this market in the U.S. and around the world, not just defend our brand, but continue to bring life cycle innovation to the space over time to grow our share. Wetteny, do you want to take China?

Wetteny Joseph — Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, sure. And one point on derm of course, we have a mid- to high single-digit growth expectation that we laid out in our guidance. of course, across a broad range of expectation there, there’s various scenarios around competitor entry, timing, pricing, etc., will play into that and the label that they have, of course, will be playing into how that plays out. But we’re confident in our ability to grow.

Our franchise has been around for a decade in this space. On China, we’ve been consistent on this one. I think we continue to see sort of the broad economic situation there to remain where it is. We’re not expecting to ignore nor improve at least through the first half of our year, and we also have stronger comps similar to the second half of 2023, little bit less so into the first half of ’24, but still a headwind into the first half of ’24.

You continue to see consumer confidence being low and swine prices are remaining fairly depressed in consumption there as well. So all those factors, of course, long term, we continue to expect China to be a strong growth market. It has done exceptionally well for us over the last decade. But in the near term, we’re not expecting that to be a contribution to growth.

In fact, we’ll see some declining comps in the first half on China.

Operator

Thank you. We’ll take our next question from Balaji Prasad with Barclays. Please go ahead.

Balaji Prasad — Barclays — Analyst

Hi. Good morning everyone and thanks for the question. A couple. Firstly, I just wanted to understand the currency dynamics better, considering that most of the nearly 100 basis points return revenue and 150 basis points on EPS is to be going from here.

Why is FX severe and any particular currencies hurting you? I mean my general understanding is with $4 billion of — $4-plus billion of export revenues and dollar weakening, I thought the impact would have been the other way around. Second question is around the FDA letter that Zoetis received on Librela number. I wanted to understand how frequent or normal are these kinds of letters on the animal health side and the issues that FDA found with Librela’s as promotion with the inclusion of the P value on the secondary end points, and what is the current status now with regard to your communication with FDA.

Kristin Peck — Chief Executive Officer

Sure Balaji, so I’ll take your second question first and then let Wetteny take it. I see you’re referencing the letter back in November. Honestly, the letter is uneventful and was well addressed. We immediately resolved the request for clarification, would — what you’re talking about is a request for clarification on our promotional materials.

We just made a minor change to the promotional materials and how we represented some statistical data. The concerns are well addressed and the modifications were accepted by the FDA. I mean this isn’t uncommon. So I don’t — that was easily resolved last year, that was a minor issue.

But Wetteny, do you want to take the second question?

Wetteny Joseph — Chief Financial Officer

Yes, sure. On currency dynamics. And again, we don’t forecast FX. So we tend to report out what we see the impact is.

And the dollar continues to strengthen against the number of currencies that we operate in. And there’s a little bit of a disproportional effect that we see on some of the higher inflationary markets like Argentina, if you follow Argentina, there have been two really significant drops in terms of FX rates versus the dollar, if you follow back as we ended last year, both in December and I think back in August. And there’s a little bit of a delayed effect on those clearly is impact on top line that we’ve talked about. But there’s also a little bit of a delayed effect if you look at the impact it has on inventory and receivables that are on the books at the time.

So by the time you collect those, they have a greater impact, which is why you see the impact down to bottom line. So combinations volume. Argentina, Brazil, Turkey, those are more pronounced in their relative percentage of our revenues, given how significantly they value. That’s what you’re seeing play out.

But really across the board, if you look at how the dollar ended the year, it ended a bit stronger than you saw throughout the average of the year.

Operator

Thank you. We’ll take our next question from Brandon Vasquez with William Blair. Please go ahead.

Brandon Vazquez — William Blair and Company — Analyst

Hi, everyone. Thanks for taking the question. First, can you talk a little bit about the pre priced buying in the quarter. Are you able to quantify how much of a headwind that was? And then maybe talk about should we expect that to be a headwind going forward at all? Are you guys still working through that? And a follow-up to that, maybe higher level.

Is there anything in the pipeline or kind of in product cycle management that you guys can share with us, you’re still spending a lot of money in R&D and even for next year, it looks like that may not be a specific area to get leverage off of the R&D line. So anything that you’d be able to share with us there would be helpful. Thank you.

Wetteny Joseph — Chief Financial Officer

Yes, sure. I’ll take the first one and then Kristin will cover the second one. Look, there’s always some level of pre priced buying in our — as we exit the year given where what our price increases are going to be I would say, compared to the prior year where there was higher than average reprice buying as in 2022 into 2023, which had the impact on ’24, we more actively managed customer orders in terms of reprice buying exiting 2023. And that gave us really First, the underlying market strength and momentum that we carried into but also, I would say, our quarter position walking into January 2024, we’re certainly in a better position than, say, the prior year.

So we more actively manage those, but there’s always some level in the numbers.

Kristin Peck — Chief Executive Officer

Sure. And the question with regards to R&D. Obviously, we are very confident in our pipeline. I think we’ve been the most innovative company in animal health.

And if you look at the — how we exceeded market growth every year for the last 11 years, it is due to the innovation in our pipeline. We are investing both for the short, medium and long term. In Animal Health, different than human health, that really makes a difference. You look at sort of what I call like life cycle enhancements that we just launched such as Apical Chewable, which will significantly support our key brands.

We’re also looking at pretty disruptive innovations as well. As you look at sort of the short one- to three-year term of innovation, we’re excited really for some of our long-acting. And we’ve talked a lot about investing in the medium to long term and really important new franchises as well, such as renal, chronic kidney disease spaces, looking at cardiology, looking at oncology and diabetes, there’s really important spaces of unmet medical need in animal health that we’re really excited to tackle. We’re continuing to invest behind our diagnostics as well as behind our livestock business.

looking at new vaccines and immunomodulators in our genetics business. So we have a very diverse pipeline because we have a diverse portfolio. So we’re continuing to invest behind that and remain very confident in that.

Operator

Thank you. We’ll take our next question from Chris Schott with J.P. Morgan. Please go ahead.

Chris Schott — JPMorgan Chase and Company — Analyst

Great. Thanks so much for the questions. Just two for me. Just latest on vet visit growth.

I know it’s not the primary driver of growth for your business, but you’re targeting 0% to 1% this year. I’m just trying to get more color on what is the underlying kind of dynamics here. Is this mostly still that capacity? Is it macro dynamics? Just any color there would be appreciated. And then my second question was just coming back to Librela ex U.S.

From your perspective, how penetrated is the market for monoclonals at this point? And where do you see the largest opportunity for growth in these markets? I’m showing a sense of like we’re in the second inning or the seventh inning of the ramp ex U.S. Thanks.

Kristin Peck — Chief Executive Officer

Sure. I mean, starting on the first, we are not very levered as we’ve spoken about many times before to that business. I mean obviously, they’re not inconsequential our view of 0% to 1% is that’s where it’s historically been. That is historically what you see in vet clinic visits over time.

So I think we’re really saying it’s back to normal. What’s really happening is there’s strong end market demand. There remains some capacity issues in the U.S. But I think some of that’s being addressed by more stuff going to auto ship and retail and online, which has also been supporting it.

But we really sort of view the year as you look into the year for although we saw flat vet visits, we spot revenue and revenue per visit up 7.5%. So we really are seeing really strong growth, obviously, overall in revenue, and we’re much more correlated over time. with that, just given the strength of our portfolio, etc. And to your second question with regards to Librela outside the U.S., I think we’re still early innings.

And really where I think we see the growth is right now, that product is primarily being used in severe dogs. I think getting it into more moderate dogs. I mean, I think, obviously, at least somewhere — I mean in my 50s, I will say, my hip hurts right now. But everyone doesn’t know that it’s around me.

And so the reality is osteoarthritis exists in animals long before they’re living and can’t walk up the stairs. And the more we can control that pain early, I think, is critical. So I think what we’re really trying to change the paradigm is getting Librela in first-line use for animals with osteoarthritis pain and getting it into more of those moderate dogs. And we think we more — we can do that, the more we can continue to grow the market here and grow our franchise.

So we know, we believe we’re in early innings across the globe with regards to osteoarthritis pain with both Librela and certainly with Solensia, where we still have to continue to grow awareness for osteoarthritis pain in cats.

Operator

We’ll take our next question from Stephen Scala with TD Cowen. Please go ahead.

Unknown speaker

This is Chris on for Steve. We have two questions. First, on Librela. To what degree are U.S.

debt capacity constraints, the headwind to longer-term treatment compliance? And then is there a regulatory path for the approval of an at-home administrative formulation? Thank you.

Kristin Peck — Chief Executive Officer

Sure. Obviously, making sure that pet owners can get in monthly for their injections is critical. So that capacity is certainly something that we’re quite focused on. But I think after the first visit, this is an injection that can certainly be done by a vet tech.

And I think the industry is really focused, and we’ve been partnering with corporates the ABM with lots of people to really think about how to change the paradigm of vets to vet techs and clinics and things like that. So we believe there are solutions to really address some of the vet capacity issues. So far, globally, and by the way, this vet capacity issue is not just a U.S. issue, it’s global.

So far, it hasn’t affected the growth of our key products. And your second question is with regard to home delivery. You want to take that one?

Wetteny Joseph — Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. Look, I think the regulatory path to that isn’t really the direction we’re going in terms of where we think we can make an impact here. Livestock and innovation, not only in our OA pain maps, but across our portfolio, really important. And as I look ahead, I think longer-acting formulations, both Solensia and Librela will be the direction that will help with this, even though as Kristin said, we’re not seeing any significant impact in terms of our ability to grow the maps.

I think initial visits where the vet has to see the pet and do the injection beyond that, the techs are able to do it, etc. And that varies a bit, but we don’t see that as being a significant impact for us.

Operator

We’ll take our next question from Navann Ty with BNP Paribas. Please go ahead.

Navann Ty — Exane BNP Paribas — Analyst

Hi. Good morning. Thanks for taking my questions I have two ones on Librela and one on Trio. The first one on Librela.

With continued investments in 2024, what are the remaining SG&As in addition to the current testing campaign — and just a clarification, do you currently expect Librela to become potentially gross margin accretive in 2025. And then on Trio, can you help us explain the switches from to Mexico plus? Are they mostly from BI’s homes like large rather than from Simparica Trio and you see uptake from BI on younger dogs and puppies mostly. Thank you.

Wetteny Joseph — Chief Financial Officer

I’ll take the first one on Librela. Look, of course, we are going to be making investments, and we already started because as you heard in the prepared commentary, our penetration levels are running above our expectations, and we’ve launched DTC on Librela, and we’re already doing the DTC across Europe and international markets as well. As we look ahead, we did make significant investments in our field force going back about year and a half or so ago. So we’re able to leverage those investments, and we don’t see incremental investments beyond those to drive our expectations and take advantage of demand on the product.

The gross margin picture, as I mentioned earlier, it is dilutive if you look at 2023 and particularly because you saw us outperform expectations on Librela in 2023, right? As you go into 2024, Librela margins are actually accretive to the overall company margin leverage above. So 70%-ish gross margins for the company, Librela is above that, but it’s below the gross margins that you would see in our innovative companion animal brands. As we get beyond 2024, you will start to see at those innovative levels, which is above — well above the company. average.

So hopefully, that helps clarify that point. Trio, as we’ve said, we’ve seen really strong performance in Trio, posting double-digit growth, grew 17% in the U.S. in and we continue to gain patient share, which means, again, switching is low when you have a product that’s safe effication has been in the market. for almost four years now.

So we’re very pleased with what we’re seeing. I don’t know if Kristin, you want to add.

Kristin Peck — Chief Executive Officer

We’re doing quite well of topics U.S. specifically with regards to puppies. I mean puppies are on the Trio label. So I just want to emphasize that.

I know it wasn’t on the original Simparica. So I mean, really, if you’re looking at new starts, we see a lot of puppies and we see a lot of conversion from single and dual agent customers to a triple combination and certainly a movement to more people from topical to oral. So there’s lots of ways for us to continue to gain market share for that product, but we’re doing quite well with puppies to answer that other part of your question.

Operator

There seem to be no further questions at this time. I’ll turn the call back to the speakers for any closing remarks.

Kristin Peck — Chief Executive Officer

Great. Thank you all so much for the questions. And honestly, your continued interest in Zoetis. I want to undergo that the enduring strength of the human animal bond for pet owners expectations of human-quality healthcare for pets and the need for safe and secure food supply all underscore that animal health industry is essential and very durable.

We remain confident about our strategy and the ongoing value proposition because we know that our colleagues will make a difference every day in everything that we’re doing. And with their support, I want to reiterate that we expect to grow faster than the market again in 2024, not just a line and to grow operational revenue by mid- to high single digits. We are firmly committed to investing in our innovative pipeline, our portfolio, and the DTC programs we need to support the broadening and building billion-dollar franchises. The animal health industry is resilient even in times of uncertainty, and we are poised to navigate these challenges because our portfolio diversity, our commitment to exceptional customer experience, operational excellence, and agility, and we look forward to keeping you updated on our progress in future calls.

Thanks a must for joining us today, guys. Have a great day.

Operator

[Operator signoff]

Duration: 0 minutes

Call participants:

Steve Frank — Vice President, Investor Relations

Kristin Peck — Chief Executive Officer

Wetteny Joseph — Chief Financial Officer

Erin Wright — Morgan Stanley — Analyst

Mike Ryskin — Bank of America Merrill Lynch — Analyst

Jon Block — Stifel Financial Corp. — Analyst

Dave Westenberg — Piper Sandler — Analyst

Nate Rich — Goldman Sachs — Analyst

Balaji Prasad — Barclays — Analyst

Brandon Vazquez — William Blair and Company — Analyst

Chris Schott — JPMorgan Chase and Company — Analyst

Unknown speaker

Navann Ty — Exane BNP Paribas — Analyst

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